Ovulation

February 11, 2013 milica Articles, Embryology Leave a comment   , , ,

The process of ovulation occurs every month in the organism of the woman. It consists of the egg leaving the ovary and falling into the Fallopian tube. There are two ovaries in the female reproductive system that take turns in releasing a ready for fertilization egg.

As an infant when gonads are formed, primordial germ cells move and find their place in the gonads. Then these cells differentiate into oogonia. Typical of these cells is that they divide using mitosis multiple times and increase in number. Each cell then is surrounded by a circle of epithelium cells that are flat, called follicular cells. The oogonia cell surrounded by a layer of follicular cells forms the primordial follicle. The oogonia cells keep on dividing and some of them begin meiosis and turn into primary oocytes, but they stop the division in the stage of prophase. In this state they are going to be until puberty. The cells keep on dividing and increasing in number until the 5th month of the pregnancy. In this period the number of the cells is seven million. After this, cells begin dying and by the time of birth there are only 400 000 left. The reproductive cells that the female has once born are all primary oocytes stopped in prophase of meiosis I and are surrounded by epithelium cells, forming the primary follicle.

From this moment these cells are inactive. There are no sex hormones released and no ovulation. When entering puberty, hormones are released and the first ovulation occurs. The primary follicles grow and the follicular cells turn from flat to cuboid. Then they turn into secondary ones, when first meiotic division is completed. Secondary follicles consist of secondary occytes. Typical of them is that they start meiosis II and form preovulatory or Graafian follicle. Meiosis II is not complete and it is inhibited at metaphase II. This is when ovulation occurs and secondary oocyte together with surrounding cells leave the ovary and falls into the Fallopian tube. The secondary oocyte will remain in this state until fertilization occurs and meiosis II is completed.


The Locomotor System

February 10, 2013 milica Anatomy, Articles Leave a comment   , , , , , ,

The Locomotor system of the human body ensures the stability and mobility of the organism. Moving your hand or leg, smiling, closing your eyes and every other movement you do is due to this system. This system contains of the bones and the muscles.

The number of bones in the grown up is 206. Babies have a greater amount of bones, but as they age the bones combine with each other, forming bigger, more stable ones. Muscles are attached to the bones and because of this attachment movement is possible. Usually each muscle is attached to two bones and when it contracts the bones move as well as the body. Contraction of muscle tissue inside the organs creates peristalsis – very important for numerous functions that are essential for the organism. The muscles in your face that let you make mimics have a different way of attachment – they are connected to a bone and to the skin. Because of this when they contract, the skin is moved and the specific mimics are expressed. There are more than 500 muscles in the body.

Bones are made out of mostly inorganic substances that make them hard and stable. Calcium is really important for keeping these features of the bones. In children the amount of organic substances in the bones is higher than in grown ups and this is why child’s bones are less breakable, more elastic. With age the organic substances decrease and the inorganic ones increase which makes them more fragile in elders. Bone tissue just like any other needs oxygen and nutritive substances. These are provided by the blood vessels that enter the bone tissue. In bones there are special canals named Haversian canals. Bone tissue can be compact and spongious. Compact bone tissue is made out of lamels that are regularly placed in a circle around each Haversian canal. The lamels and these canals are parallel to the length of the bone.

Muscles are made out of muscle cells. Muscle cells are long in shape and could be three types, therefore there are three types of muscle tissue – cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart muscle, responsible for the heart beat, which is essential. Skeletal muscle tissue is found in the skeletal muscles – the ones connected to the bones and letting us perform movements and mimics. Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of inner organs, such as blood vessels, bladder, trachea, intestines and others. Muscle tissues are grouped together and around them there is connective tissue called fascia. Each such bundle of muscle tissue, together with other such bundles, are also surrounded by fascia forming the body of the muscle. Muscles also have tendons. These are the parts that connect muscles to the bones. Usually there are two tendons. Tendons are extremely not elastic and hard. They are mainly made out of collagen fibers. Typical of these fibers is that they are slightly elastic ( not more than 5% of their length), but can resist pulling to a really great extent.


Relax And Impove The Health Of Your Skin With The Benefits Of a Chocolate Bath

February 10, 2013 milica Articles, Miscellaneous Leave a comment   , , ,

If you are looking for a way how to completely relax after a long day or an unpleasant even, then this is one great choice. For centuries people have been using unusual ingredients when bathing – milk baths are one example for this. That is because of the health effects such ingredients have on the skin. As mentioned in the article for milk baths, chocolate baths also help moisturize the skin. Dry skin is not only unhealthy for the whole organism, but of course it is not quite good looking as well.

Giving yourself the luxury of experiencing such a way of relaxation, would improve the circulation of blood in your skin. That means more oxygen and nutritions are reaching the tissues in your skin, therefore cells can function better. It’s also known that every day dead cells from the surface of our skin are falling off and being replaced by division of cells underneath them. This most outer layer of the skin protects it against the UV rays in the sunlight. Also it is important because it stands as physical and chemical barrier from substances around us. It is important to keep the normal balance between cells that are removed and the ones that replace them, because this is also a protection against microorganisms. The chocolate bath would help remove the unneeded cells from the stratum corneum. In this way the skin remains shiny and good looking and at the same time performing its functions the best way possible.

As mentioned chocolate baths have also a soothing effect and make it easy to relax. We need calm and undisturbed minds in order to deal with our daily stressful activities. This shows that having a chocolate bath would both help your mental state and your skin – both are really important in your overall state.

Of course preparing a chocolate bath at home is an arduous task. There are SPA centers and hotels where this service is offered. If you have time and funds to allow yourself to have a chocolate bath, then do not give it a second thought.  I recommend it, because it is enjoyable and healthy, and I certainly would try it myself.


Visible Body 3D Human Anatomy Atlas is of great help for me

February 7, 2013 milica Articles, Miscellaneous Leave a comment   , , ,

Visible body is a firm that offers services that are extremely hard to find anywhere else. Since a year or so I have been their customer. I purchased one of their products and it has been of great use to me.

The product I purchased was Visible Body 3D Human Anatomy Atlas. I know there are dozens of anatomy atlases out there on the market, but this virtual one offers many features. First of all, you do not have to carry an enormous heavy book around with you. It is absolutely enough to have a phone or a tablet to use this application. You can also use it on your laptop, easy and fast. Of course, you can use many atlases at once, which perhaps would be the best to get the possibly the best view of what you are reading about. I have had a lot of problems particularly with this subject. The atlas I was using was good I may say, but there were particular views that were missing. Because of this as other medical students know if you do not see it and understand it, then you have learned nothing.

Visible body offers a 3D view. That means you can look at it from different views and check out anything you want. It includes all systems. It takes just a minute to type the words of the structure you want to see and click enter – that is it all. No going around ten pages and finding out there is something missing.

Visible body has a site that offers other products, that are really useful as well. For example, really accurate and colorful animations and pictures. It makes it really hard for you to not understand what you are learning. Anatomy is an easy subject when you have the right resources.

I am glad I made this investment. Buying a product from Visible body was one of the best things I have done for my education. There is great software support on the site so you can rely on help if there are any kind of problems.

I am a happy customer of this firm and recommend it to anyone.


Diabetes

February 4, 2013 milica Articles, Diseases Leave a comment   , ,

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a disease that many people have been diagnosed with. There is no real treatment for it, it lasts a lifetime. It is connected to a hormone – insulin, that is produced by the pancreas. Insulin is important for letting additional sugar from the blood inside the cells. If there is some change in the normal quantity of insulin released into the blood by the pancreas, then more sugar than the normal amount will stay in the blood. However, in the organism there is a basic rule – homeostasis. Every liquid has a specific concentration of each substance and this is extremely important for every function that takes place. Additional  sugar in your blood will lead to different changes in your organs, which will affect their normal function. This leads to death.

The reason for abnormal reaction to insulin could be different. Some people have problems with their pancreas and this organ does not release enough insulin. The cells of other people are incapable of reacting to insulin because of a mutation in their receptors. If they do not react together then all the insulin and sugar will stay in the blood, cells will receive none.

What are the symptoms of it?

Diabetes is accompanied by different symptoms. These could include blurry vision and decrease in normal eyesight, excess need to urinate, as well as thirst, feeling fatigued and hungry more than normal, losing weight. The thing is that symptoms could vary, because diabetes affects every single organ in the body. As more time passes the risk of more severe conditions increase. There could be need of amputation of toes of the legs, it could lead to blood clotting, which could lead to death. This is what my grandmother died from – a blood clot formed in her lungs and stopping oxygenated blood from flowing, she practically died from lack of air. It is extremely important to share every symptom you have with your doctor, be around people and be near an emergency building. You do not know when you might need this assistance.

Diabetes causes complications in pregnancy as well. Women have a harder time getting pregnant and the rate of spontaneous abortions is higher than with normal women. Also the rate of birth mutation is higher as well.

What is the treatment?

So far the treatment depends on the type of diabetes. If it is not that severe you will be prescribed pills. On the other hand insulin would be needed to be injected into you on a daily basis. There are some preventing pills that are recommended for people who have family members with diabetes, because there is a higher risk of getting diabetes. This is due to your genes.  However, it is proved that the factor apart from genetics, that leads to diabetes is stress. You need to stay calm and try to save your organism from all the dramatic changes caused from stress.


Is Activia Yoghurt good for you?

February 3, 2013 milica Articles, Diet Leave a comment   , ,

Activia yoghurt is one of the best known products on the market. There are many women who eat it on a daily basis, perhaps not only women. The effect of Activia should be to help your organism maintain a normal metabolism. This is why it is supposed to help losing weight, because due to its help the organism parts with unneeded substances. However, the effect depends on each person. As you know every person is unique and this is shown in pretty much every part of it. For example, people are initially different in their minds –a particular thing for one person could be completely different for another person.  If you think in a specific way, it does not mean the other person thinks the same. Even if they do it would not be 100% the same as what you think. If for you one type of scent is good, then for the other person it could be bad. Everything about us is unique.

The same is with your organism. Substances have different effects. Activia yoghurt has no effect on me. It does not help change my metabolism to normal. On the other hand, it helps my mother and she actually lost weight. If my dad eats even one can of this yoghurt, he needs to go to the toilet immediately. As you can see different people, different effects.

The good thing is that Activia yoghurt is offered in a really great variety of tastes. I love the muesli one and the strawberry one. There are many others that could fit your taste. There is the basic one which is completely tasteless for me so I cannot really eat it. If you have not yet tried it out I recommend that you do and see what effect it has on you. Maybe it does indeed help your metabolism.


One Great Piece Of Advice

February 3, 2013 milica Articles, Miscellaneous Leave a comment   , , , ,

Long time ago I used to be in a very dark place in my head. It was really confusing for me and I could feel that there is nothing that can help me feel better. It was a ridiculous feeling but it felt really real for me. I had started up this routine that was taking away every string of life in me. Day after day absolutely everything was the same, nothing good was happening, only bad things. It is extremely hard to keep up being positive in such situations. I knew that I need to do something to make my life more interesting and run away from all this monotonous, personality killing life.

Anyways, my point of sharing this, was because I wanted to show that even in the darkest time of your life, you should forget about how hard everything is and how impossible it seems that it will ever get better. You just need to try to change it, maybe not right away but gradually and wait for good things to happen. Maintain positive energy and thinking.

Back then I thought if there is somebody to talk about all of this it will help me. It was a silly choice but I found a site, where you could create a profile and write with other people. I do not remember the exact name of the site.  However, I posted there a short description of my situation and how hopeless and helpless I was feeling. I got a few replies, but one of them gave me the help I needed. The advice was:

“ Why don’t you do something that you have been wanting to do since a really long time but you still have not?”

It is a really simple thing, but at that point I did not think of it. So I asked myself what can I do which I have been wanting to. Since I wanted to communicate with people, what I did was to go online and write with complete strangers on  a daily basis. There is nothing easier than sharing with strangers you will never see in your life. After some weeks I started feeling better. It was indeed helping me. I even met some friends through this. One of them has become my best friend and we have been communicating since years. Do not underestimate the importance of your mental health. A person needs to be happy in order to have higher chances of avoiding illnesses.

This simple advice has helped me become what I am right now. I am not sure what I would have been doing right now if I would not have had all of these awesome experiences talking to strangers online. It is good to hear other peoples’ opinions and advice. Of course, it does not have to be online, it could be anywhere else. Also you could take up the advice in a different way. For example, you could sign a class in a music instrument if you have wanted to do that for a while. It is great entertainment and a way to meet others. The same is for dance classes and many other hobbies you can take up.

I hope sharing this with you is going to help if you are feeling even just slightly like I did years ago.  Look towards the clear blue sky and dream of such beauty and clearness in your life as well.


Breast Cancer

February 3, 2013 milica Articles, Diseases Leave a comment   , , ,

What is breast cancer and how prone am I to get it?

Breast cancer affects more and more women. It is estimated that one in eight women is going to have this type of cancer. Breast cancer develops in different tissues of the breasts. There are different  factors that lead to this condition. Most of them are inevitable. These risk factors include:

  • Age – as the woman gets older the risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer increases
  • Cancer history – if there were cases in the family of breast cancer before, then chances of contracting this disease are higher
  • Genetic information – we do not choose what genes to wear in our cells, but when the human genome was decoded in the Human Genome Project it became obvious that some people are more prone to specific diseases than others
  • Radiation – this is a factor that causes all kinds of cancer, as well as other diseases

These are the basic factors that increase the chance of breast cancer.

What types of breast cancer are there?

There are two types of breast cancer:

  1. Ductal carcinoma – this is  a cancer that starts from the tubes inside the breast, that lead the milk towards the nipple
  2. Lobular carcinoma – this cancer starts in the lobules of the breasts, where milk is produced

Like other types of cancer this one can also spread. The first step is to spread in other tissues inside the breast. Then it is called invasive. If it has not yet spread then it is called noninvasive. Of course, noninvasive cancer is easier to treat.

What are the possible ways of treatment?

There are different cancer treatments. Most often treatments  are chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery and hormonal therapy. The aim is to either destroy or take out the cancerous tissues of the breast.  It is extremely important to keep a positive attitude for any of these treatments, because this will increase the chances of good results. You should be completely convinced that you will be cured and this will help both you and your doctors. Cancer is a disease that can revive at any time, therefore regular check ups are due to maintain health.

There are different help groups to help you believe that nothing is lost. Let your family support you as well and make them see that you are strong.


Harmful Effects Of Salt On The Organism

February 1, 2013 milica Articles, Diet Leave a comment   , , , , ,

Salt in large quantities can be extremely harmful to the organism. My father is a good example of a person that cannot eat a single meal without tons of salt in it. I on the other hand find it really hard to eat even slightly salted meals. I practically eat almost no salt, otherwise it is too bitter for my taste.

Salt is bad for many organs. For example, kidneys are extremely important part of the urinary system. Their function in the organism is essential. They help release the additional water from your blood out of your body. That is possible because the blood is all the time filtered in special structures of the kidneys called nephrons. The filtering of the blood is possible because of a process called osmosis. In order for osmosis to take place there should be a balance of sodium and potassium. Eating too much salt causes the increase of sodium in the blood. This is bad for the balance needed for osmosis and the blood is not efficiently filtered. There is more water left in the blood than it should be.

All of this leads to high blood pressure. The bad health effects of this condition are many. Most importantly this means higher pressure to the walls of the arteries. The artery wall is made out of three tissues – muscle tissue, epithelium and connective tissue. Higher blood pressure affects the muscle tissue and increases the size of the small muscles in it. This makes the lumen  ( cavity ) of the artery smaller. Because of this the amount of blood able to pass through it decreases. If you have large intakes of cholesterol this effect is even worse. It is possible for the artery to burst or to even blot so that no blood can go through it. The result is the particular tissues are left without any nutritions and oxygen, therefore their cells die.  If you eat much salt every day then after months or years the normal function of the kidneys would be affected. This leads to kidney disease. The high blood pressure also affects the heart function. If the arteries that nurture the heart are with smaller cavity then less blood will reach the heart tissues and this will lead to heart failure. This is mutual for any other organ whose arteries have a decreased flow of blood. Eating too much salt reduces your eyesight.


Keep a positive mind to have a healthy body

February 1, 2013 milica Articles, Miscellaneous Leave a comment   , , , ,

Your brain is the control center of everything that takes place in your body. Emotions, feelings, memories – it is all connected to the brain. The neuron connections and impulse transmissions make our thoughts as well. They way you think affects your whole being.

If you wake up with the thought that today is going to be a bad day then the chance that it will be is really high. It will change your expectation of the day activities, it will send vibrations to the people around you, caused by your own feelings and emotions. It all happens on a subconscious level. Even though you hope it will be a good day, if you are convinced in your mind that it is not, then you make it bad by yourself.

Thinking positively is not easy especially if many unpleasant memories are at hand. It is hard to keep being optimistic if you have years of bad experiences. But have you ever thought that maybe you caused it? Yes, you have had bad experiences, but did you try to keep on your normal life afterwards? Or did you keep on repeating it in your mind, expecting more and more bad memories, refusing for anything good to happen to you? It is really easy to go down that road and extremely hard to overcome it.  Most of the times you need help and support of the people around you. But it is you and only you who can change it. You cannot hope for something and be convinced that the complete opposite will happen. Start gradually changing that and even if there is no result – wait for it. It will take time. You need to take out any bad thoughts out of your mind – let your brain be stress free. Let your brain do its job in a normal condition and not overwhelmed by the bad memories.

Free your consciousness and let positivity reach you. Wake up in the morning and tell yourself “Something good will happen to me today” and it will. Whether it is going to be meeting up with an old friend you have not seen for a while or a stranger making you a compliment, a praise by somebody you love. Many things can happen if you make the people around you see that you know what you want and that you know that there is the absolute chance to have that. Believe in it and others will too.

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